International estate and tax planning presents unique challenges that many probate professionals encounter but few fully understand. With over 30 years of experience working with international clients throughout Silicon Valley, Janet Brewer has developed deep expertise in navigating the complex intersection of U.S. estate tax law and cross-border asset management.
In this episode of Probate Notes with host Sam Price, Janet shares critical insights into the often-confusing distinctions between residency and domicile, the tax implications for green card holders and non-resident aliens, and the procedural hurdles that can trap unwary practitioners. From understanding U.S. situs property rules to navigating the requirements for transfer tax certificates, this conversation provides practical guidance for attorneys, paralegals, fiduciaries, and real estate professionals dealing with international probate matters.
Whether you’re handling an estate with foreign beneficiaries, dealing with property owned by non-resident aliens, or simply want to avoid common pitfalls in cross-border planning, this episode delivers the analytical framework and real-world strategies you need to serve your international clients effectively.
Time-stamped Show Notes
0:00 Introduction
1:04 Janet’s journey from the Chicago suburbs to becoming a corporate attorney at Hewlett-Packard during the early days of Silicon Valley.
3:47 Why law school? Janet shares her unconventional motivation for pursuing a legal career.
7:15 The transition from corporate law to estate planning, driven by personal experience administering her mother’s estate.
13:00 The critical differences in estate and gift tax exemptions: U.S. citizens vs. green card holders vs. non-resident aliens.
15:30 Understanding the confusion: Why domicile matters more than residency for tax purposes, and how intent determines your tax obligations.
18:45 Real-world challenges for green card holders: How maintaining or changing domiciliary status impacts estate tax liability.
22:15 Listen in as we discuss the unique situation of temporary visa holders (H-1B, L-1) and their estate planning considerations.
26:00 International estate tax matters: The hurdles foreign nationals face in the U.S. tax system and why international tax treaties matter.
29:30 The procedural nightmare of obtaining an ITIN for foreign nationals filing estate tax returns.
33:45 Did you know that stock in U.S. companies is considered U.S. situs property even if held in foreign accounts?
38:20 The $60,000 exemption trap: Why non-resident aliens face dramatically different estate tax thresholds than U.S. citizens.
43:12 Transfer tax certificates: When the IRS requires this often-overlooked document, and why title companies care.
45:42 Estate tax vs. inheritance tax: The critical distinction every professional needs to understand when working with international beneficiaries.
48:14 Next, we discuss double taxation nightmares and how estates can be subject to both U.S. estate tax and foreign inheritance tax, with no offset.
49:55 Practical advice for handling international estates: Why you need cross-border tax experts and the importance of coordinating with foreign attorneys.
51:45 Common mistakes that doom estate plans: Why you can’t just transfer French property into a U.S. trust, and other cross-border planning failures.
52:28 The Canadian transfer tax trap: How transferring Canadian real estate into a U.S. trust can trigger unexpected 15% taxes.
Transcript:
Welcome to Probate Notes, your go-to podcast for mastering California probate law, hosted by Sam Price, a certified specialist in estate planning, trust and probate law, and author of The Six-Stage Probate Process. Each episode delivers expert insights, actionable strategies and real-world solutions, from understanding probate processes to navigating probate litigation. Join Sam and his special guests as they simplify probate practice, answer listener questions and elevate your expertise.
Hi there, folks. This is Sam Price with Probate Notes. Thanks for tuning in today, and I have a real treat for us, because we have an attorney from Silicon Valley that’s going to be able to give us some really good insights about international issues in probate matters. So I want to welcome Janet Brewer to the podcast. Hi there, Janet. Thank you for being on today. Thanks. Thanks for having me. Absolutely. I just want to get started with learning a little bit about you and where you’re from and your background.
Well, I grew up in the Chicago suburbs, moved away when I went to college, went to college in Wisconsin, and came back for a year after that, before I started law school, then I moved to Denver for law school, and was hired, actually, by Hewlett Packard Company out in Palo Alto after law school, so moved to California and haven’t looked back.
What type of work were you? That’s interesting. What did you do for HP?
I was a corporate attorney. I was on the legal staff. Actually, they specifically hired me because I had gone to—well, there were only two law schools in Colorado, so I went to one of the two law schools. They were just forming a big presence in Colorado, and they had a big sales office there, and they had two manufacturing plants out there. And so they wanted somebody that was familiar with Colorado law who could advise on Colorado issues as they arose.
So interesting. You’re kind of in the right place at the right time.
Yep, absolutely, very much so. It was prior to when Hewlett Packard—I mean, they didn’t even have a personal computer at the time, so the only people that had ever heard of them were engineers. They started off doing oscilloscopes and surveying equipment and very, very technical things. And because they were so poorly known, basically, I can’t speak for who signed up at University of Colorado, but only two of us signed up for the interview at University of Denver.
So wow, did you both get hired?
Yep, but it sounds like you were there at an exciting time.
It was, it was very interesting. I actually was there when they first broke into the Fortune 100 list. Up until that time, they had been mostly a local company. I mean, they had a subsidiary in Geneva and whatnot. But, I mean, they were really very much Palo Alto centered.
And you kind of been there through this whole transformation of what Silicon Valley is today. It sounds like you were there from like the beginning.
Well, I mean, the beginning was really in the ’50s and ’60s. I know I look old, but I’m not quite that old.
I’m sorry. I didn’t mean it that way. That’s not what I was trying to say. But you’ve been in Silicon Valley ever since, and tell me a little bit about why did you go to law school, what made you interested in the law?
So I don’t have a really good answer for that. I’m kind of wanting to the point. Basically, in high school, I was told that I was argumentative, and that’s the answer, right? And back in the day, I graduated from college and got a job working for a company as a secretary, when a guy that I had trounced in every class got a job as a junior executive. And me, being me, basically said, “Well, if I go to law school, I might not be able to get a job, but at least I can hang out my own shingle.” So that was my well-reasoned approach to getting into law.
And so after you left Hewlett Packard, what did you do?
I actually spent a fair amount of time in corporate work. After I left HP, I became General Counsel of Hills Brothers Coffee. That’s incredible. Yeah, that was a really interesting time. It’s not fit for a podcast, but we can have a drink sometime and discuss that one. Would love to. And then after that, I went to a company that basically had just recently gone public as also as their General Counsel. And then—we’re talking back in the day—so the company that I went to that had just recently gone public was the first company to take a five megabyte hard drive and marry it to an Apple II computer. So they were very hot, high tech.
I’m so sorry, because we’re recording this audio and video. And so what you did was, you kind of made this hand gesture to show us the size of this five megabyte hard drive, and it looked like, I don’t know, a bread box, a microwave?
Yeah, the size of a bread box, a microwave, actually probably more than a bread box.
And that was a five megabyte hard drive?
That was five megabyte, yep, back in the day when everybody—I mean, remember floppies only took like 144—
God, I can’t even remember.
What were they kilobytes at that time? I can’t even—
I think they were kilobytes, yeah. So yeah, five megabytes was, you know, 50 times bigger than a floppy, yeah.
But I think I remember seeing seven and a quarter inch floppies. And then they went five and a half or something like that.
Or was it three? Something I can’t remember anymore, yeah. And then I went to a company that basically was involved in the internet when we had a modem that was, instead of having a 600 bit per second modem, we went all the way up to, I think it was 9000 bits per second.
Now, was this dial up?
It was pretty much dial up, yeah. Lightning fast speed at that time.
Lightning fast speed at the time, you got it. Yeah, yep.
And so you’re going through your career, you’re doing a lot of corporate work, but at some point you said, “You know what, I’m gonna be my own boss. I’m gonna form my own firm.” And at that time, did you get into corporate work, or did you do something else?
So I actually went to work for a small law firm up in the city—the City of San Francisco—and the principal attorney was a JD, CPA, and he basically hired me to handle his corporate clients because they were doing all the estate planning for their clients, but they were referring out all of the corporate work, and he wanted to capture the corporate work. But he told me, “I don’t have enough corporate business to keep you busy full time doing that, so you’re going to have to basically go to school and learn about estate planning.” So he sent me to get a master’s degree in tax law, and I did it. The firm actually broke up a couple of years after I started with them, and that’s actually when I decided to go out on my own. And I learned, you know, fairly quickly, that it was much more fun doing estate planning for people than it was doing the corporate work. It was much more satisfying.
Where did you get your LLM?
Golden Gate University, which—Stanford, you know, they had night school LLM programs. So a lot of people who couldn’t afford to take the time off to go to Miami or New York would go to Golden Gate and get their tax degree there, yeah.
And your LLM’s in taxation. Is that right?
Correct.
Okay, gotcha. And so have you found it really useful in the work that you do?
Quite frankly, I think it’s essential. I do have a lot of clients who have taxable issues, and even the ones that don’t, I think it’s important that you at least have tax in the back of your mind, that there may be a tax issue lingering there, and that you need to be aware of it so that you can deal with it.
That’s really good. That’s important. And so now if someone were wanting to get in touch with you and your firm, what is the very best way for someone to contact you?
We have forms on the website which they can certainly fill out, or they can telephone the office. My intake person would talk to them, see if they’re a good fit, see if it’s something we can help them with, and if so, then she would set up an appointment where they and I could talk, or they could talk to my paralegal, depending upon what the nature of the problem was.
What is that website?
It’s www.calprobate.com
Calprobate.com. I love it. That’s fantastic. You got that early. That’s a good one. I did. Yeah, so calprobate.com. What’s the phone number that someone would call your office?
650-325-8276, and I believe that’s press one for new clients, is my recollection. Haven’t called in for a while myself.
So you haven’t hired yourself in a while. It’s been a bit. It’s been a minute. Let’s dive into a little bit of tax issues, because there are special tax issues. Let’s first talk about—and the word tax can mean so many different things. So I want to get more specific. Most estates don’t have an estate tax issue because the estate tax exemption amount is so high, and California has abolished the estate tax.
And so right now, someone could give away up to how much is the exemption for 2025?
For 2025 it’s $13,990,000.
I heard that it’s going to be going to an even $14 million as of January 1. So for a married couple, you know, it’s $29,980,000 currently, and it’s going to be $30 million next year.
It’s a lot of money. I don’t know—you probably do, but I don’t know anybody with this kind of money.
I do have clients that are north of that. But what people—and this actually gets into the topic—what people fail to recognize is that those are the numbers for US citizens and US green card holders who do not intend to leave the United States. If you are a non-resident alien, if you’re working here on a visa, for example, or you’re a college student here on a student visa, the exemption drops to $60,000 per person.
Big difference, $60,000 to almost $14 million. What is—you said non-resident alien? What is a non-resident alien?
So the $60,000 exemption applies to both non-resident aliens and resident aliens who are not green card holders or who are not US citizens. So for example, someone who is here on a work permit or on a student visa is a resident alien, but unless they’ve applied for a green card, they’re not a green card holder, and obviously they’re also not a citizen. A non-resident alien is a person who does not live in the United States and does not have the right to work or remain in the United States. So for example, if I were a US citizen and my spouse—or even a green card holder—if I come over to the United States to work, my spouse accompanies me, and he does not work in the United States, he would be a resident alien. But if he decided to stay back in whatever our home country was, he would be a non-resident alien and just be coming over on like a tourist visa every so often. So it is primarily someone who neither works nor lives in the United States and does not have—has not filled out the paperwork and been accepted as a green card holder or who is not a US citizen.
Now, this might be confusing—there’s a presence test for the income tax to apply, and it’s a number of days. It’s 183 days, or whatever it is, right? Number of years. Does that apply here to whether or not you’re a resident, and does that matter to the estate tax?
So this is where things get a little slippery. The short answer is no, not really. For estate and gift tax purposes, we don’t look at residence as much as we look at the concept of domicile, which you might remember from your first year civil procedure class in law school. And the distinction, or a distinction, is that you can have many places in which you reside. You can have a residence in California, you can have a residence in Hawaii, you can have your place in Paris—sounds nice—you know, the little island that you bought off the coast of the Caribbean. All of those are your residences, but you only have one domicile, and the domicile is the place that you consider your home. So you could live—even as a green card holder, you could live in the United States for 30 years. But if you still think of that little island off of the coast of Belize as your home, you are not a domiciliary of the United States, and technically you only qualify for that $60,000 exemption.
Is this an intent requirement, or is this—what is domiciliary or domicile?
Yeah, yeah. It is a question of intent. Where do you intend to live? Where do you intend to die? Even if you don’t live there at the present, it’s, you know, what do you really consider your home? And it is a slippery concept. I mean, there have been cases—domicile is a slippery concept. There’s a landmark case: a gentleman, and this goes back to like the ’30s or the ’40s. He had been in the United States for years and years and years. He had a business in the United States. His wife and I think his kids were in the United States. He went back to, I believe it was Iran, to visit his dying mother, and he got sick while he was there and couldn’t travel back to the US, and ended up dying in Iran. He had a substantial estate by ’20s or ’30s or ’40s standards. And when his estate was being settled, the IRS basically said, “Wait a minute, you are not”—or he was not a domiciliary of the United States, so he’s only got this $60,000 exemption. And it went all the way up to the Supreme Court, and the attorneys had to lay out a case for why he was a domiciliary of the United States. And of course, the IRS wanted its tax money, so they were laying out all of the reasons why he was not. He did end up, or his family did end up proving that he was a domiciliary because he intended to return to the US. He was just prevented from doing so because he got sick.
That’s understandable. And so there was actual court case about this.
Oh, yeah, yeah.
Okay, so when it comes to someone who is a—can we use the term non-resident alien, but it applies to resident aliens as well, doesn’t it? It’s the same rule.
It does, yeah. So for estate tax purposes, the determining factor is whether or not you are domiciled in the United States.
Okay. And when you say non-resident, you mean non-domiciliary?
Correct, correct. Yeah, I should probably be more clear about that. Non-resident alien typically refers to someone who doesn’t live in the United States at all. But for estate tax purposes, what matters is domicile. So you could be a resident alien—living here, working here—but if you’re not domiciled here, you only get the $60,000 exemption.
Okay. And so would it be the same for US citizens who live abroad?
That’s a great question. And actually, this ties into something else we should talk about—transfer tax certificates. But to answer your question: yes, US citizens who are domiciled abroad can also face some of these issues, though they still get the full exemption amount. The issue is more about what happens when you’re trying to transfer assets.
Got it. So let’s talk about what assets are subject to this estate tax for non-resident aliens or non-domiciliaries. What property is included?
So for non-resident aliens—people who are not domiciled in the United States—only their US situs property is subject to US estate tax. And US situs property includes real property located in the United States, tangible personal property located in the United States, and—this is the big one—stock in US corporations.
Wait, so even if the stock is held in a foreign account?
Correct. If it’s stock in a US corporation, it’s US situs property. Doesn’t matter where the stock is physically held or where the brokerage account is located. So if you’re a non-resident alien working here on an H-1B visa and you get stock options from Google or Facebook or whatever, that stock is US situs property, and it’s subject to estate tax if you die.
That’s a big deal.
It’s a huge deal, especially in Silicon Valley where so much of people’s compensation is in stock. You could have someone who’s been here for five years on an H-1B, accumulated $2 million worth of stock, and suddenly they have a $1.94 million taxable estate.
And they only have a $60,000 exemption.
Exactly. So you’re talking about a significant estate tax liability.
What about other types of investments?
This is where it gets more favorable. Debt obligations—like US Treasury bonds, corporate bonds—those are generally not US situs property for non-resident aliens. There’s a specific exemption in the tax code. Bank accounts in US banks are also generally not US situs property, as long as the interest isn’t effectively connected with a US business. And then there’s life insurance. Life insurance proceeds payable by reason of the death of a non-resident alien are not subject to US estate tax.
So life insurance is a good planning tool.
It’s an excellent planning tool for non-resident aliens. You can use life insurance to provide liquidity to pay the estate tax on other assets, and the life insurance itself won’t be subject to estate tax.
That’s really helpful. What about tax treaties? Do those help at all?
The US has estate tax treaties with a number of countries—I think it’s around 15 or 16 countries. The purpose of these treaties is generally to prevent double taxation and to provide some relief in terms of exemption amounts. For example, the treaty with the UK provides that if you’re a UK resident, you get a prorated exemption based on the ratio of your US assets to your worldwide assets. So if 20% of your assets are in the US, you get 20% of the full US estate tax exemption.
That seems more fair.
It is, but here’s the catch: not every country has a treaty with the US. If you’re from China, there’s no estate tax treaty. If you’re from India, there’s no estate tax treaty. Mexico, no treaty. So for people from those countries, you don’t get any treaty relief.
And I imagine these treaties are pretty complex.
Oh, they’re incredibly complex. And they’re all different. Each treaty was negotiated separately, so you can’t just assume that because the UK treaty says one thing, the German treaty says the same thing. They don’t. And honestly, this is an area where you really need to work with someone who specializes in international tax.
Speaking of complexity, I know one of the challenges with foreign nationals is getting an ITIN—an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number. Can you talk about that process?
Oh boy, yes. This is one of those procedural nightmares that can really hold up an estate administration. So if you’re a non-resident alien and you die with US assets, your estate probably needs to file a Form 706-NA, which is the estate tax return for non-resident aliens. But to file that form, you need a taxpayer identification number. US citizens and green card holders have Social Security numbers, but non-resident aliens often don’t. So the estate has to apply for an ITIN—an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number.
And how long does that take?
It can take months. You have to submit Form W-7 along with original documents or certified copies proving identity and foreign status—typically a passport. And the IRS has been overwhelmed with ITIN applications, so the processing times have gotten longer and longer. The other issue is that you often need the ITIN not just for the estate tax return, but also to open estate bank accounts, to transfer assets, to do basically anything in the estate administration.
So what do you do while you’re waiting?
You plan ahead. If I have a client who’s a non-resident alien, I strongly encourage them to get an ITIN while they’re alive, not wait until after they die. It’s much easier to get an ITIN when you can sign your own forms and provide your own documents. If they don’t have one, then we just have to build the delay into our timeline. The family needs to understand that it might be 6, 9, 12 months before we can really get moving on the estate administration.
That’s a long time. Let’s talk about transfer tax certificates. You mentioned those earlier. What are those?
Transfer tax certificates are something a lot of people don’t know about, but they can be really important. Under Section 2107 of the Internal Revenue Code, if a US citizen dies while domiciled outside the United States, the estate may need to get a transfer tax certificate from the IRS before certain assets can be transferred.
What kind of assets?
Primarily financial accounts—bank accounts, brokerage accounts, things like that. The financial institution wants proof that the estate has either paid any estate taxes due, or that no estate tax is due, before they’ll release the funds.
So even if there’s no estate tax owed, you still need this certificate?
Potentially, yes. Now, in practice, if the estate is well below the exemption amount, many financial institutions won’t require it. But if there’s any question, they’re going to want to see it. And here’s something that surprises people: this can also come up with real estate. If a non-resident US citizen dies owning a house in the United States, when the heirs go to sell that house, the title company may want to see proof that estate taxes were either paid or weren’t owed.
How long does it take to get one of these certificates?
It can take several months. You file Form 5173, and the IRS has to review the estate tax return—or verify that no return was required—before they’ll issue the certificate. This is another one of those things where you need to factor in the timing. If you’re the executor of an estate and you need to sell property or access financial accounts, you may be looking at a 3-6 month delay just to get this certificate.
Wow. That’s important information. I will include a link to the IRS website in the show notes for our listeners to be able to look that up themselves as well. And I find that there’s some confusion—there’s some states that have this and some other countries, but there’s a difference between an estate tax, which most people are familiar with, versus an inheritance tax. Can you shed some light on the difference between those?
Yeah, the simplest way that I find to explain the difference is that the estate tax is really paid by the decedent—it’s paid out of the assets that belong to the decedent. And inheritance tax is paid by the recipients. So let’s assume that I’ve got an estate where I’ve got $2 million and I’ve got one kid that lives in the United States—US citizen living in the United States. Actually, I guess for today’s world, if we’re dealing with estate tax, we’ve got to have more than a $15 million estate if it applies to a US citizen. Or to a green card holder. But even though the estate might not be subject to estate tax in the United States because that’s well below the $15 million, if you’re living in a country that has inheritance taxes—France has inheritance taxes—and let’s say you’re sending half a million dollars to that country. And when it comes into the country, the person who’s receiving the money is required to indicate what the source of the money is. So in this case, it’s an inheritance from Great-Aunt Martha in the United States. That is subject to inheritance tax, even though it’s not subject to estate tax in the United States. Where it gets particularly messy, shall we say, is in the larger estates, where there’s been estate tax paid in the United States, and then the recipients also have to pay inheritance tax. To the best of my knowledge, none of the treaties have an offset for estate tax to inheritance tax issues. So you could very well end up paying an estate tax in the United States, and also have the recipients be required to pay an inheritance tax when they receive that money in the other country. And please don’t ask me which countries have inheritance taxes—I don’t have them memorized.
But I think the important thing to understand here is that the estate tax is different from an inheritance tax.
That is correct. The taxpayer is different.
And if the US has an estate tax treaty that offers relief with another country, that may not be applicable to the inheritance tax.
It probably will not be applicable to the inheritance tax, yeah.
That’s a huge distinction to understand. And so I find that communicating often and early helps to give an understanding that maybe people don’t like that situation, but at least they will accept it if they understand early on, and it avoids the “well, no one told me.”
Right, yeah. Well, unfortunately, the person who should have been told is probably deceased. So the issue is, how do you let the beneficiaries know? And just from a practical standpoint, it becomes very unfair. What if you’ve got two children, one of whom lives in a country that has inheritance tax and one who lives in a country that doesn’t? Just by virtue of where they live, one may end up receiving a substantially greater or lesser inheritance than the other one.
Yeah, right. That makes sense, depending upon the rules of that country. If one of our listeners has an estate that might have international tax issues, what advice would you give them?
Well, I think they need to speak to somebody who is familiar with the nuances of planning for an international estate. I always tell people—and actually this is a very common misconception—I’ve had many people come to me saying, “Hey, I’ve got property in Hong Kong, China, Mexico, Canada, England, and I need you to plan my estate.” Well, I can’t really plan your estate for assets that are not located in the US. I can plan for the estate tax impact, and I can advise you about that, but I can’t create a trust that is going to be enforced in a different country. So in many cases, we end up co-counseling with an attorney in that other country, and we’re just trying to coordinate the plan so that our plan doesn’t cancel out their plan or vice versa. But I’ll see a trust that names “my sister who resides in Canada to be the trustee of my US trust.” That’s one thing that comes up frequently. Or “I hereby transfer my condo in Paris to my US trust.” Well, good luck trying to get the French authorities to accept a US trust. They don’t even have a concept of trust in France. So it happens frequently, and it doesn’t work. I mean, that’s a great way for a plan to fail.
Even in a country that has trust. My wife is British, and she has a flat—we would call it an apartment—in London, and she owns it. Well, she owns the lease on it, and that’s equivalent there. And when she was making her estate plan in the UK, I mentioned to them about a trust, and they said, “Oh no, you don’t want to do that.” And they went on about why you don’t want to have a trust under that situation there, because she was a non-resident and tax implications. And so even in a country that has the concept of a trust—not even a civil law country—this is something that is not a one-size-fits-all for all situations in all countries for a trust.
Correct, yeah. And oh, by the way, the other common mistake that I see—and I don’t know if you see it as much in Southern California—I think probably people in Northern California, Oregon and Washington may see it more—is attorneys that want to put Canadian real estate into the name of a US trust. This actually puts another layer on estate tax versus inheritance tax. Canada doesn’t really impose an estate tax or an inheritance tax per se. They impose a transfer tax. And the mere fact that you move an asset out of your name and into the name of a trust triggers a transfer tax in Canada. So if you take your document up there and manage to do a deed, or if your lawyer says, “Well, you’ve got property in Canada, you need to transfer that into the name of your trust,” and you do it, you are going to be hit with a transfer tax that I believe is something equivalent to about 15% of the fair market value of the asset that’s being transferred. I’m not 100% certain on the percentage, but I think that is the rate that I recall seeing.
Some really bad unintended consequences can happen if you just start doing things willy-nilly. Well, you have been fantastic, Janet. Thank you so much for coming on the podcast and telling us all this information.
Well, thank you for having me. It was a pleasure.
Sure thing, and we’ll get together when nobody’s recording and I’ll tell you a couple of my stories.
Would love to. Actually, we might even—that’d be kind of fun to record some of that stuff. We’ll have you back on.
Well, that’s a wrap for this episode of Probate Notes. Whether you’re an attorney, paralegal, fiduciary, or real estate agent, remember that probate doesn’t have to be overwhelming. With the right approach, it’s a process you can guide with confidence. If you found this episode helpful, here’s a few things you can do to stay connected and keep learning: Subscribe to Probate Notes on your favorite platform, rate and review the show, and share this episode with a colleague who works in probate. You never know who could use a fresh framework. Thanks for spending time with me today. This is Sam Price, and as always, keep your filings clean, your probate notes clear, and I’ll see you next time on Probate Notes.
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